( Credit: Maximilien Brice and Julien Marius Ordan, CERN) How Particle Accelerators WorkĪt a very simple level, high-energy particle physics relies on two principles developed in the 1800s: how electric fields and magnetic fields affect charged particles. Particle accelerators like the LHC consist of sections of accelerating cavities, where electric fields are applied to speed up the particles inside, as well as ring-bending portions, where magnetic fields are applied to direct the fast-moving particles towards either the next accelerating cavity or a collision point. The inside of the LHC, where protons pass each other at 299,792,455 m/s, just 3 m/s shy of the speed of light. Traditionally, these collisions have involved either electrons or protons, as well as (sometimes) their antiparticles. This very technique - of smashing particles together, building a detector around the collision point, measuring what comes out, and reconstructing what it was that we created - has been the hallmark of accelerator physics for more than a half-century. The more energy you have available for particle creation, the greater your potential to discover new, unstable, and massive particles. So long as all the relevant conservation laws are obeyed, the only limit for what you can create is set by Einstein’s most famous equation: E = mc 2. However, there’s often a freedom that comes along with any particular collision: the freedom to create new particles. Whenever two particles collide, they have to conserve both energy and momentum, as well as other quantum properties that have associated conservation laws. Quarks show strong interaction, for example in protons and neutrons. Leptons do not interact strongly and may interact through weak forces.If you want to uncover all the particles that fundamentally exist, your best bet is to smash particles together, under controlled laboratory conditions at extremely high energies. Leptons and quarks belong to the same class of sub-atomic particles and have spin. Leptons and protons belong to the class of sub-atomic particles, but they are not the same. They are very small mass( a million times lighter than electrons). Since they don’t interact electrically or strongly, they almost never interact with any other particles. Neutrinos are produced in a variety of interactions. They are also having a very short lifetime which is almost 100,000 times shorter than that of the muon Neutrinos They are weak isospin and also weak hypercharge. They are the negatively charged elementary particles of mass 3477.48×electron mass classed as a Lepton. They are also unstable subatomic particles with a mean lifetime longer than other subatomic particles. They are elementary particles similar to the electrons with an electric charge of -1e. They make up more than half of cosmic radiation at sea level. Muons are particles where their mass is 207 times larger than electrons and is having a lifetime of 2.20 microseconds. It is the smallest charged particle with decent stability. The electrons are connected with the chemical properties of almost all atoms. There are three different types of neutrinos: The electron neutrino, the muon neutrino, and the tauon neutrino ElectronsĮlectrons are negatively charged particles. The electrically neutral leptons are called neutrinos. The electrically charged leptons are the electron, muon, and tauon. It is found that there are six different types of Leptons-three negatively charged leptons and three neutral leptons. They do not interact with other strong forces.The charge of the lepton determines the strength of their electric field and how they react to external electrical or magnetic fields.Charged leptons generate a magnetic field.Leptons can be neutral, or negatively charged.
Leptons respond to the electromagnetic force, weak force, and gravitational force.Example of leptons and quarks Properties of Leptons Neutral leptons are generally non-reactive in nature.
Neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos)
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